Inundation Distribution Of The Study Area - 1542 Words

3. Methods Since the study area is surrounded by two major rivers the vast plains and fans are suspected to contain some level water logging. For this study the inundation distribution of the study area is taken from PNG Resource Information System (PNGRIS, 2008). The data is in polygon shape file format and coded with classes of inundation types from ‘tidal flooding, permanent flooding to the least as ‘no flooding’. For this study ‘no flooding’ level is excluded. According to PNG forestry logging practices, swamp forest are not to be logged. Swampy forests must be avoided as much as possible during logging operations. However, for this study it used to for the post-classification process purposely for refining classified swamp forest†¦show more content†¦The target class was forest class. In level 2 eight (8) classes were used (Table 1) based on the PNG forest base map of 2012 and forest inventory mapping system (FIMS) classification (McAlpine and Quigl ey, 1998). Level 2 is the lowest classification level achieved through the post-classification process. Additional classes are applied to describe the selectively harvested areas which are identified when conducting the supervised classification of the preceding years (2000, 2005, 2010 and 2015). Above-ground biomass sites will be treated as secondary training sets to transformed LULC maps to AGB maps for carbon change assessment as one option. The other option is to be used after the LULC goes through change detection process (spatially). Supervised classification method was applied to Vailala Block 3 Landsat AGP images from 1995 to 2015. This method allows the user to identify training areas that are used to teach the image on what pixel range to be classified according to user LULC descriptions (Samanta et al., 2011). For this study the parametric method know as maximum likelihood under the decision rule statistical approach was used to run all the supervised classification from 1995 and 2015. Table 1. Land use and land cover types with codes Post-classification or reassessment of a classed image is performed to refine the classified image. YearShow MoreRelatedThe Sea Level Of Bangladesh1548 Words   |  7 Pagesimmensely negative (Cazenave and Nicholls 2010).For example, based on national studies, a 1 m rise could cause losses of about 9.5 million tons of rice in Bangladesh (Mimura and Nicholls 2008). Rice is the staple crop of half of world’s population and it is the most major staple sustenance for Bangladesh. Sea level Rise will result in a food crisis in some regions of Bangladesh especially southern sub-regions as these areas are most vulnerable to flooding due to sea level rise; hence, rice productionRead MoreTsunamis: How Oregon Can Better Prepare for Cascadia Essay1295 Words   |  6 Pages Tsunami hazard assessment in Oregon started with an inundation simulation in the Siletz Bay. Various parameters were tested with different inundation estimates and run-up from past tsunami deposits (Priest, 2001, 55 ). Inundation maps were then created furthermore in the Oregon Building Code, Oregon limited construction of new important or hazardous buildings in tsunami inundation zones indicated by the inundation maps. Zones that these maps are based on use the Cascadia event in 1700 as a â€Å"mostRead MoreGlobal Warming : Climate Change1592 Words   |  7 Pageset al., studies indicate that global temperature increased 0.70 to 0.75ââ€" ¦C during 1910 to 2009 [6]. Though forecasts vary widely, IPCC third assessment report (IPCC TAR) demonstrates that the best estimate for average temperature changes of the earth is 0.6 to 4 ââ€" ¦ C at the end of 21 century [3]. Global warming has wide-ranging effects on many aspects of human life and brought severe environmental problems, for instance, sea level rising and coastal flooding, changing rainfall distribution, alterationRead MoreEssay about GIS Analysis in Flood Assessment and Modeling2648 Words   |  11 Pageskey factor to prevent the loss of lives (Graham, 1999). Therefore, adequate prediction capability is essential to mitigate flooding damages and establish flood-warning systems. Floods have a complex spatial and temporal dynamic that motivates their study. The spatial dimension of floods ranges from the local to the regional scale, while the temporal dimension varies from slow floods (days) to flash floods (minutes). The spatial extent, variability and magnitude of floods has been addressed using GeographicRead MoreGlobal Warming Has A Effect On The Size Of The Vector Population912 Words   |  4 Pagesresulted in high rates of illness and death.12 Studies have shown that global warming has changed the distribution, intensity of transmission and seasonality of malaria in sub-Saharan Africa.10 Correlation between inter-annual variability in temperature and malaria transmission has been observed in Africa.10 In Kenya and Ethiopia, rainfall and high maximum temperature greater than 34 °C has been associated with increasing incidence of malaria.10 However, studies show no association between global warmingRead MoreEssay on The Effect of Climate Change on Mari time Zones2018 Words   |  9 PagesDeveloped countries remain most vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. For countries like the Marshall Island, with atoll islands situated just a few meters high from sea level, any uncontrolled sea-level rise has the potential to submerge land areas. Furthermore, climate change impacts could include increased tropical cyclone activities and coastal erosion. Coral bleaching and ocean acidification due to warming also have the potential to affect tourism, fisheries and agriculture, and the abilityRead MoreDevelopment Of Off Shore Wave Generator Systems And Integrating Into Disaster Management Systems Essay2057 Words   |  9 Pageswhich can give a few hours to days warning to help mitigate the severity of natural disasters on human life. . Some of the calamities of note have been the Tsunami of 2004, Bangladesh and Orissa floods, earthquakes in Nepal and Pakistan, and recent inundation of Chennai due to weather and bad flood management. A SAARC comprehensive Framework on disaster management was formulated in alignment with the Hyogo Framework (2005-2015). In addition to the broad objectives of disaster management and cooperationRead MoreMorphology of Rural Settlements in Malda4547 Words   |  19 PagesKey Words: Village, Morphological structure, Geographical landscapes, landuse, The Malda district. Introduction: Settlement morphology is primarily concerned with the lay-out, plan and internal structure of the settlements. It not only views settled area in terms of physical space but identifies its various components in respect of socio-economic space which has its direct bearing in controlling the arrangement of buildings, patterns of streets and fields and functional characteristics of settlementsRead MoreStreams Tech Inc Case Study2102 Words   |  9 PagesClient: Strategy and Planning Unit, State House, the Republic of Sierra Leone Type: Flood Management Streams Tech conducted a detailed study to develop the Stormwater Drainage Master Plan for Freetown, Sierra Leone. The lack of flood management measures and adequate conveyance capacity of the existing drainage system regularly caused flooding in the heavily urbanized areas. Streams Tech personnel installed hydro-meteorological equipment to collect data; processed an extensive array of satellite-basedRead MoreEssay on Use of Geographic Data in Natural Disasters2437 Words   |  10 Pagesothers to provide a quick response to the disaster areas (Herold et al., 2005). Kunkel et al. (1999) suggest that there is strong scientific evidence of an increase in extreme precipitation events in particular regions, whilst water shortages are becoming more apparent in other regions, which indicates that weather driven natural disasters will surely become more frequent, resulting in the use of Geographic Data in mapping and monitoring disaster areas could not be more important or significant.

A Modest Proposal And The Handmaids Tale - 1592 Words

Satire is used to criticize and point out society’s flaws. The criticism is usually masked in humour. The irony is commonly used in satires to expose flaws, an effective example is John Smith’s A Modest Proposal, he effectively uses irony, to communicate his argument about the poverty in Ireland at the time. Similarly, Margaret Atwood’s The Handmaid’s Tale criticizes the society that women have to live in. Atwood uses allusions to the Old Testament and historical events to satirize the oppression of women in political, religious and social aspects. Atwood parallels the Cultural Revolution in China to the how the Gilead government gains power and control over the United States. The Chinese communist leader, Mao Zedong launched the†¦show more content†¦The trials took place in Salem in the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1693. Accused witches were victims of mob mentality, mass hysteria and scapegoating. The trials began after a group of girls acted st rangely and a local doctor suggested they were bewitched. The girls accused a local slave and other women of bewitching them. The witch trials took place in front of the public. In the novel, dead bodies are hung on the wall for illegal acts. This puts fear into people and allows you to control them, which is how Gilead is able to control the people. Furthermore, Gilead society is very similar to the Taliban principles. Some of the principles Taliban put in place include women being not allowed to work, ban on female activity outside the house, women wear a long veil from head to toe, and ban on cosmetics, high heels, perfume, laughing and colourful clothing. These rules are very similar to how women have to behave in the novel, â€Å"By silencing women and taking all sorts of power from women, Gilead society remains in control.† (Yazdani 86). These bans are justified in Gilead, because they were put in place to protect women from dangerous men. Atwood parallels the Gilead so ciety to Taliban principles to show us that we should not take things literally from religious books because those books were written in a very different time from what we live in now. It serves as a warning to our world (the USA and Canada) and howShow MoreRelatedCultural Criticism In The Handmaids Tale By Margaret Atwood1011 Words   |  5 Pageswide range of topics to analyze literature. Cultural criticism considers a variety of perspectives and branches of knowledge to discover the compilation of beliefs and customs that characterize a group of people. For a cultural reading of The Handmaid’s Tale by Margaret Atwood, a cultural critic would consider the historical background paired with theories such as Marxism and feminism to make assumptions about what culture engendered the creation of this novel. (104 words) Cultural criticismRead MoreControlling Reader Response in the Handmaids Tale1257 Words   |  6 PagesLONG ESSAY Conventions of a prose text may, to some extent, control reader response to themes within the text but the reader’s context may also influence the way the text is read. It is particularly evident in Margaret Atwood’s novel The Handmaid’s Tale that by examining the experience of women within the world it is evident that women are more repressed. The characterisation of Offred may control reader response to theme because her own personal experiences are projected onto the reader. In GileadRead MoreThe Importance of Memory in Margaret Atwoods Handmaids Tale.2058 Words   |  9 Pagesshow the importance of memory and of remembering the past in The Handmaid’s Tale by Margaret Atwood. The Handmaid’s Tale is a ‘speculative fiction’ first published in 1985 but set in the early 2000s. The novel was in response to changes in US politics with the emergence of Christian fundamentalism, the New Right. Atwood believed that society was going wrong and wrote this savage satire, similar to Jonathan Swift’s ‘A Modest Proposal’, depicting a dystopia which she uses as a mirror to hold up to societyRead MoreThe Importance of Memory in Margaret Atwoods Handmaids Tale.2065 Words   |  9 Pagesshow the importance of memory and of remembering the past in The Handmaid’s Tale by Margaret Atwood . The Handmaid’s Tale is a ‘speculative fiction’ first published in 1985 but set in the early 2000s. The novel was in response to changes in US politics with the emergence of Christian fundamentalism, the New Right. Atwood believed that society was going wrong and wrote this savage satire, similar to Jonathan Swift’s ‘A Modest Proposal’, depicting a dystopia which she uses as a mirror to hold up to societyRead MoreEssay on Silent Spring - Rachel Carson30092 Words   |  121 Pageshad been battling cancer. Author Biography 5 Plot Summary Chapter One Carsons survey of the research on pesticides opens in a most unscientific fashion with a tale about an American town that has suffered a series of plagues. At chapters end, Carson acknowledges that the town is an imaginary one, but lest the tale be dismissed as mere fantasy, she hastens to add that each of the catastrophes it catalogs has actually happened somewhere, and many real communities have already suffered

Gold Mining Hedging Instruments

Question: Discuss about the Gold Mining Hedging Instruments. Answer: The gold mining companies selling their commodity in the country of India is exposed to mainly three types of risks which are as follows: Commodity Price Risk Foreign Exchange Rate Risk Interest Rate Risk The risk of the commodity prices is somewhat equal to the risk of the gold prices, which is the change in the prices of gold. This affects the values of the assets, profitability f the operations and the cash flows that are generated from those operations. These affect the companies that are involved in the process of gold mining (Greenbaum, 2011) The prices of the gold is affected by a number of different factors which are as follows: Demand that exists for the gold in both the jewellery and also in the uses in the companies and in the industries The international, regional, political and the economic trends that exists in the country The relative strength of the US dollars of the other currencies The expectations of the financial market The activities that are included in the speculation The amount of the reserves that the company has The forward sale of the company The production and the level of cost of the gold (Fang et al, 2017) In respect of the risk in the foreign exchange, there is a change in the values of the currencies of both the countries that are involved. The companies have their mining operations, activities along with the investments outside the countries since they do not know the place wherein the ore bodies are embedded. Hence, the revenues and the costs are entered into in the foreign currency. The negative movement of the company would affect the cash flows, profitability of the company (Fang, 2017). In respect of the risk of the interest rate, it affects the cash balance the amounts of the borrowings, the long term debts, the hedging activities, the return on the assets and the value of the firm. There is a reduction in the rate of the interest and also an increase in the lease rates of the gold that has an adverse impact on the price of the contract of the new gold and also on the difference that exists between the price of the gold and also in the current spot price. An effective management of the risk for all of the gold mining companies depends on the decisions and the strategies that are adopted by the company for the purposes of risk management. The techniques and the products that the gold producers could use includes the future contracts, gold loans, spot deferred contracts, forward sales of the gold, gold swaps and the put options for the purposes of hedging themselves as against the exposures (Betts, 2017). The companies could also use the derivatives for the gold price risk such as the forward contacts, spot deferred contract, put and call option and the gold lease rate swaps. The most common used forward contracts as being the hedging instruments are due to the introduction of SFAS no. 133/138. This allows the producers of the gold not to consider their sales contracts as the instruments of the derivatives as long as the same are considered to be the normal sales. The gold mining companies could also record the proceeds under the stated contract as revenue and could also be held off the financial statement unless and until they mature. Also, unless and until the date of the delivery approaches of the gold in the future. The gold mining companies also use currency forwards and currency options. Due to the fact that the gold is quoted and also traded in US dollars, the gold producers with the operations and the investment are very much large in number and in respect of the countries that are outside the US and hence, would be exposed to the risks of the foreign exchange rate. The gold mining companies also use the medium to the long term horizon interest rate swap. The risk of the interest rates are also seen as one of the most important things as the risk of the gold prices along with the currency are due to the low leverage in the industry of the gold mining. Hence, in the nutshell, the following could be used as hedging instruments: Currency forwards Currency options Forward contracts Spot deferred contract Put and call option Gold lease rate swaps Future Contacts Gold loan Gold Swaps Spot deferred contract Forward sales of gold Put options (Insurance purpose) References: apmr.management.ncku.edu.tw. (2017).Optimal Hedging Decisions for Gold Miners: How Much Future Production Should a Gold Miner Forward Sell?. [online] Available at: https://apmr.management.ncku.edu.tw/comm/upfile/File0806111163.pdf [Accessed 9 May 2017]. Open.uct.ac.za. (2011).The use of derivatives in the mining sector: a comparative analysis of companies listed in South Africa, Australia and the UK. [online] Available at: https://open.uct.ac.za/bitstream/item/10774/thesis_com_2011_greenbaum_m.pdf?sequence=1 [Accessed 9 May 2017]. pdfs.semanticscholar.org. (2017).An Empirical Study of Derivatives Usage in the Australian Gold Mining Industry.. [online] Available at: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/909c/91f51b4ecec6bde0fa3082fd0ef0fe384bea.pdf [Accessed 9 May 2017]. www.mssanz.org.au. (2017).Hedging financial stress. [online] Available at: https://www.mssanz.org.au/MODSIM01/Vol%203/Fang.pdf [Accessed 9 May 2017].

Pacific Grove Summary Essay Example

Pacific Grove Summary Essay The Pacific Grove Spice Company is currently searching for a new business venture that will help relieve some of the current financial restraints put on the company by their bank. Pacific Grove sources funds through this large regional bank in the form of short-term notes payable (backed by the companys accounts receivable) and long-term debt supported by the firms other assets and earnings power. The bank has been willing to lend up to 81 % of the companys accounts receivable, an amount that Pacific Grove is constantly at the limit of, due to the fact that the company has been experiencing robust growth in sales and assets. Due to the financial crisis of 2008, banks were under constant pressure to limit possible losses on loans. Pacific Groves current total debt is $37. 172 million, which is equal to 62% of its total assets and 216% of owners equity, while the companys equity multiplier is 3. 47 and its times interest earned was only 2. 15 times. Because Pacific Groves total debt is so high, the bank isnt as comfortable with lending as it once was. The bank has made it clear that it would like to Pacific Groves total debt come down to 55%, while bringing the equity multiplier down to less than 2. Times by June 30, 2012. After performing a financial ratio analysis, the executive staff and finance department of Pacific Grove has projected that although it will not meet the banks terms by 201 2, it will meet them over the next four years through a combination of a slow down from previously robust sales growth, the stabilization of operating income and a new business venture. The business venture being cons idered by Pacific Grove is a television program that the company will both produce and sponsor. We will write a custom essay sample on Pacific Grove Summary specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Pacific Grove Summary specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Pacific Grove Summary specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Using Life Theoretical Perspectives to Explain Helping Behaviour Essays

Using Life Theoretical Perspectives to Explain Helping Behaviour Essays Using Life Theoretical Perspectives to Explain Helping Behaviour Essay Using Life Theoretical Perspectives to Explain Helping Behaviour Essay Essay Topic: Life Of Pi USING LIFE THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES TO EXPLAIN HELPING BEHAVIOUR. A theory, according to Lahey (2003), is a tentative explanation of facts and relationships in Science. Mylers (1995) also defines a theory as an integrated set of principles that organize and predicts observable behaviours or events. Also a theory is a comprehensive explanation of natural phenomena which leads to accurate prediction. In Psychology, there are various theoretical perspectives. They are the learning (behavioral) theory, Psychoanalytical theory, Humanistic theory, Cognitive theory, Biological theory, Evolutionary theory and Socio- cultural theory. Helping behaviour is a desirable behaviour in the society. We can use the various perspectives to explain helping behaviour. According to the learning (behavioral) theory by J. B Watson, we are the products of learning and associations. We are the end results of all the different events we have been exposed to throughout life, the types of responses we have made to them and the consequences of making those responses thus either rewards or punishments. J. B Watson was an early behaviorist, but one of the most famous recent behaviorists is B. F Skinner and he believed that we are controlled by the environment in the sense that we become whatever the environment forces us to be. Using this to explain helping behaviour we can say that if a person is rewarded for his or her helping behaviour he or she would keep to helping people. For instance, Jeffrey helps an old lady to cross the street whenever he meets her. The old lady gives Jeffrey toffees whenever he helps her. Therefore Jeffrey helps anybody he sees because he knows he would be rewarded for his actions. Psychoanalytical theory by Sigmund Freud is perhaps the most interesting as well as controversial of all the theories of psychology. Freud developed a theory that centered on sexual and aggressive impulses that are hidden in our unconscious minds from early childhood. These impulses live below the surfaces of consciousness and there control our everyday behaviour in ways we are not aware of. Since helping behaviour is consciously done, therefore we cannot use psychoanalytical theory to explain it. Humanistic theory focuses on positive aspects of life and humanists say human beings possess free will. To Carl Roger, the most famous humanist, all humans have an innate tendency to fulfill their potentials. He calls this actualization. To humanists, each of us is like the perfect seed. If we get the right amount of water, nutrients and sunlight from the environment, we will become a perfect flower. For instance, Phoebe is in the university. She has the free will to help with the developmental projects in her hall, so she contests and wins the vice president of Jean Nelson Aka Hall. At the end of her term in office, she is praised for all her efforts and good work s. Although this is a reward to her she has also gained self actualization. With the cognitive theory, it takes the position that human behaviour can be understood in terms of how the individual processes information mentally. The perspective is therefore interested in how the individual’s thoughts, expectations, language, perception, problem solving, consciousness, creativity, and other mental processes such as memory, decision making, and judgment help in the explanation and understanding of his or her behaviour. For instance, Maxwell is sitting in front of his house; he then sees a little girl falls down. Although there were people around he thought about one or two things and then he rushed to pick the little girl up. The biological theoretical perspective of life is based on the assumption that all behaviours correspond in one way or the other to the activities of the brain and the nervous system. In the contest of this perspective, individuals differ because they are born with different genes, develop slightly different brain and hormonal patterns. In summary, the perspective seeks to explain behaviour through the activities of the brain and nervous system, physiology, genetics, the endocrine system, biochemistry and evolution. For instance, Jemima is takes her baby out and put her on a mat under a tree while sitting by her because the room is too hot. Five minutes later she falls asleep. She later hears the dog barking loudly. She opens her eyes and to her dismay, she finds a snake using her baby as a pathway on its travels. She quickly takes her baby and helps him back into the room. Here Jemima used her ear and brain to help the baby survive. With evolutional theory, it focuses on how human beings have adapted the behaviour required for survival in the face of environmental pressures. It is that trait that helps survival become universal in species. Basically, it talks about inherited traits that help adapt to one’s environment. Emphasis is also on the influence of genes on behaviour. For instance, Jenny’s mum has taught her that in their community if you don’t help somebody nobody would help you when you are in need so she grown to know that you have to do unto others what you want others to do unto you. She therefore helps her neighbors to wash because she knows when it is time to wash her own they might help her. Lastly, in recent years, psychology has begun to look more closely at how much we are influenced by our culture. Thus, the socio-cultural theoretical perspective of life has an impact of specific social, ethnic, racial, and religious groups on behavior. For instance, Ewura Adjoa is an Akan and every Akan is obliged to help an elderly person with anything at all being it water, fetching wood, fanning the fire, help in cooking, washing bowls irrespective of the relationship you have with him or her, thus to say Ewura Adjoa must help anybody and not only her parents or elder siblings therefore that explains why Ewura Adjoa has a special helping behaviour. A suburban American child like Andreas would not make an attempt to help his dad with his bag after his dad comes from work. This is because, that is not his culture. Therefore, from the above explanation, we can learn how life theoretical perspectives can be using to explain helping behaviour.

Materials Engineering Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Materials Engineering - Assignment Example The bondage between the molecules is broken. In this region, the material can regain its original shape after the removal of the loading or rather the stress. At this juncture, the material obeys Hooke’s law and the stress and strain relate proportionally, and the constant of proportionality is the modulus of elasticity. The structure of the particles is not altered which explains the reason the material regains it original shape after the removal of the stress. It is the region just after the elastic limit. It is characterized by the graph flattening indicating destroyed proportionality between the stress and strain. Plastic deformations creep in, and the material loses the ability to regain fully its shape and size after the stress has been released. It takes place due to rearrangement of the molecular or atomic structure that allows for the new shape and size. Found just after the yielding region. It is characterized by a slight rise of the curve to the ultimate stress point. The behavior is due to the strength of the deformed atoms or molecules having a slight ability to withstand more stress up to the point beyond which complete deformation takes place. The rise of the curve in this region is what is termed as strain hardening. It is the region beyond the ultimate stress point. In this region, a further increase of the stress leads to a reduction of the cross section of the material only in some parts and not the entire material. The constrictions formed are what is referred to as necking. It is the continuous reduction of the cross section area that leads to the breakage and thus separation of the material. Metallic materials are ductile thus has the ability to deform plastically up to some extent. On the graph, it is represented by the region beyond the proportional limit where the elastic limit has been exceeded. Force

Letter of Motivation in masters of public policy Essay

Letter of Motivation in masters of public policy - Essay Example As a responsible citizen I would like to participate in the process of addressing delicate questions of internet regulations, regarding protection of privacy, security and access of information. The main problem is the misuse of these media for crimes including terrorist activities. Thus, I personally feel that framing suitable public policies has become a matter of top priority in the modern world. My basic interest in this branch of academics stems from my realization of the problem in its right perspective. I further feel that I will be able to contribute to positive outcomes in this regard, if I can combine personal interest with academic knowledge. My keen interest in gaining in depth knowledge on this topic and my yearning to contribute to this field has bred in me the desire to pursue a Masters in Public Policy. I want to explore the possibilities ICT holds for improving information and service delivery. In order to achieve my objectives, a more pluralistic approach for internet governance is required. This will enable me to incorporate in my professional life an understanding of the different industries affecting public policy today. The MPP program, in its broad and contextually imbedded approach, would provide ample opportunities to develop and expand the necessary skill sets to understand technology driven governance. I am eager to develop an understanding of the complexity behind the questions of media globalization and to master the skills to analyse and employ this shift of power in modern democracies. I also expect the course to equip me with the ability to understand these two forces which are indispensable in the c reation of modern public policy. My degree in Global Communications and Business Administration from the American University of Paris, serves as a solid base. I chose this program to establish a broad perspective of cultural,