Inundation Distribution Of The Study Area - 1542 Words

3. Methods Since the study area is surrounded by two major rivers the vast plains and fans are suspected to contain some level water logging. For this study the inundation distribution of the study area is taken from PNG Resource Information System (PNGRIS, 2008). The data is in polygon shape file format and coded with classes of inundation types from ‘tidal flooding, permanent flooding to the least as ‘no flooding’. For this study ‘no flooding’ level is excluded. According to PNG forestry logging practices, swamp forest are not to be logged. Swampy forests must be avoided as much as possible during logging operations. However, for this study it used to for the post-classification process purposely for refining classified swamp forest†¦show more content†¦The target class was forest class. In level 2 eight (8) classes were used (Table 1) based on the PNG forest base map of 2012 and forest inventory mapping system (FIMS) classification (McAlpine and Quigl ey, 1998). Level 2 is the lowest classification level achieved through the post-classification process. Additional classes are applied to describe the selectively harvested areas which are identified when conducting the supervised classification of the preceding years (2000, 2005, 2010 and 2015). Above-ground biomass sites will be treated as secondary training sets to transformed LULC maps to AGB maps for carbon change assessment as one option. The other option is to be used after the LULC goes through change detection process (spatially). Supervised classification method was applied to Vailala Block 3 Landsat AGP images from 1995 to 2015. This method allows the user to identify training areas that are used to teach the image on what pixel range to be classified according to user LULC descriptions (Samanta et al., 2011). For this study the parametric method know as maximum likelihood under the decision rule statistical approach was used to run all the supervised classification from 1995 and 2015. Table 1. Land use and land cover types with codes Post-classification or reassessment of a classed image is performed to refine the classified image. YearShow MoreRelatedThe Sea Level Of Bangladesh1548 Words   |  7 Pagesimmensely negative (Cazenave and Nicholls 2010).For example, based on national studies, a 1 m rise could cause losses of about 9.5 million tons of rice in Bangladesh (Mimura and Nicholls 2008). Rice is the staple crop of half of world’s population and it is the most major staple sustenance for Bangladesh. Sea level Rise will result in a food crisis in some regions of Bangladesh especially southern sub-regions as these areas are most vulnerable to flooding due to sea level rise; hence, rice productionRead MoreTsunamis: How Oregon Can Better Prepare for Cascadia Essay1295 Words   |  6 Pages Tsunami hazard assessment in Oregon started with an inundation simulation in the Siletz Bay. Various parameters were tested with different inundation estimates and run-up from past tsunami deposits (Priest, 2001, 55 ). Inundation maps were then created furthermore in the Oregon Building Code, Oregon limited construction of new important or hazardous buildings in tsunami inundation zones indicated by the inundation maps. Zones that these maps are based on use the Cascadia event in 1700 as a â€Å"mostRead MoreGlobal Warming : Climate Change1592 Words   |  7 Pageset al., studies indicate that global temperature increased 0.70 to 0.75ââ€" ¦C during 1910 to 2009 [6]. 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The spatial extent, variability and magnitude of floods has been addressed using GeographicRead MoreGlobal Warming Has A Effect On The Size Of The Vector Population912 Words   |  4 Pagesresulted in high rates of illness and death.12 Studies have shown that global warming has changed the distribution, intensity of transmission and seasonality of malaria in sub-Saharan Africa.10 Correlation between inter-annual variability in temperature and malaria transmission has been observed in Africa.10 In Kenya and Ethiopia, rainfall and high maximum temperature greater than 34 °C has been associated with increasing incidence of malaria.10 However, studies show no association between global warmingRead MoreEssay on The Effect of Climate Change on Mari time Zones2018 Words   |  9 PagesDeveloped countries remain most vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. 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In addition to the broad objectives of disaster management and cooperationRead MoreMorphology of Rural Settlements in Malda4547 Words   |  19 PagesKey Words: Village, Morphological structure, Geographical landscapes, landuse, The Malda district. Introduction: Settlement morphology is primarily concerned with the lay-out, plan and internal structure of the settlements. It not only views settled area in terms of physical space but identifies its various components in respect of socio-economic space which has its direct bearing in controlling the arrangement of buildings, patterns of streets and fields and functional characteristics of settlementsRead MoreStreams Tech Inc Case Study2102 Words   |  9 PagesClient: Strategy and Planning Unit, State House, the Republic of Sierra Leone Type: Flood Management Streams Tech conducted a detailed study to develop the Stormwater Drainage Master Plan for Freetown, Sierra Leone. The lack of flood management measures and adequate conveyance capacity of the existing drainage system regularly caused flooding in the heavily urbanized areas. Streams Tech personnel installed hydro-meteorological equipment to collect data; processed an extensive array of satellite-basedRead MoreEssay on Use of Geographic Data in Natural Disasters2437 Words   |  10 Pagesothers to provide a quick response to the disaster areas (Herold et al., 2005). Kunkel et al. (1999) suggest that there is strong scientific evidence of an increase in extreme precipitation events in particular regions, whilst water shortages are becoming more apparent in other regions, which indicates that weather driven natural disasters will surely become more frequent, resulting in the use of Geographic Data in mapping and monitoring disaster areas could not be more important or significant.

A Modest Proposal And The Handmaids Tale - 1592 Words

Satire is used to criticize and point out society’s flaws. The criticism is usually masked in humour. The irony is commonly used in satires to expose flaws, an effective example is John Smith’s A Modest Proposal, he effectively uses irony, to communicate his argument about the poverty in Ireland at the time. Similarly, Margaret Atwood’s The Handmaid’s Tale criticizes the society that women have to live in. Atwood uses allusions to the Old Testament and historical events to satirize the oppression of women in political, religious and social aspects. Atwood parallels the Cultural Revolution in China to the how the Gilead government gains power and control over the United States. The Chinese communist leader, Mao Zedong launched the†¦show more content†¦The trials took place in Salem in the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1693. Accused witches were victims of mob mentality, mass hysteria and scapegoating. The trials began after a group of girls acted st rangely and a local doctor suggested they were bewitched. The girls accused a local slave and other women of bewitching them. The witch trials took place in front of the public. In the novel, dead bodies are hung on the wall for illegal acts. This puts fear into people and allows you to control them, which is how Gilead is able to control the people. Furthermore, Gilead society is very similar to the Taliban principles. Some of the principles Taliban put in place include women being not allowed to work, ban on female activity outside the house, women wear a long veil from head to toe, and ban on cosmetics, high heels, perfume, laughing and colourful clothing. These rules are very similar to how women have to behave in the novel, â€Å"By silencing women and taking all sorts of power from women, Gilead society remains in control.† (Yazdani 86). These bans are justified in Gilead, because they were put in place to protect women from dangerous men. Atwood parallels the Gilead so ciety to Taliban principles to show us that we should not take things literally from religious books because those books were written in a very different time from what we live in now. It serves as a warning to our world (the USA and Canada) and howShow MoreRelatedCultural Criticism In The Handmaids Tale By Margaret Atwood1011 Words   |  5 Pageswide range of topics to analyze literature. Cultural criticism considers a variety of perspectives and branches of knowledge to discover the compilation of beliefs and customs that characterize a group of people. For a cultural reading of The Handmaid’s Tale by Margaret Atwood, a cultural critic would consider the historical background paired with theories such as Marxism and feminism to make assumptions about what culture engendered the creation of this novel. 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Atwood believed that society was going wrong and wrote this savage satire, similar to Jonathan Swift’s ‘A Modest Proposal’, depicting a dystopia which she uses as a mirror to hold up to societyRead MoreEssay on Silent Spring - Rachel Carson30092 Words   |  121 Pageshad been battling cancer. Author Biography 5 Plot Summary Chapter One Carsons survey of the research on pesticides opens in a most unscientific fashion with a tale about an American town that has suffered a series of plagues. At chapters end, Carson acknowledges that the town is an imaginary one, but lest the tale be dismissed as mere fantasy, she hastens to add that each of the catastrophes it catalogs has actually happened somewhere, and many real communities have already suffered

Gold Mining Hedging Instruments

Question: Discuss about the Gold Mining Hedging Instruments. Answer: The gold mining companies selling their commodity in the country of India is exposed to mainly three types of risks which are as follows: Commodity Price Risk Foreign Exchange Rate Risk Interest Rate Risk The risk of the commodity prices is somewhat equal to the risk of the gold prices, which is the change in the prices of gold. This affects the values of the assets, profitability f the operations and the cash flows that are generated from those operations. These affect the companies that are involved in the process of gold mining (Greenbaum, 2011) The prices of the gold is affected by a number of different factors which are as follows: Demand that exists for the gold in both the jewellery and also in the uses in the companies and in the industries The international, regional, political and the economic trends that exists in the country The relative strength of the US dollars of the other currencies The expectations of the financial market The activities that are included in the speculation The amount of the reserves that the company has The forward sale of the company The production and the level of cost of the gold (Fang et al, 2017) In respect of the risk in the foreign exchange, there is a change in the values of the currencies of both the countries that are involved. The companies have their mining operations, activities along with the investments outside the countries since they do not know the place wherein the ore bodies are embedded. Hence, the revenues and the costs are entered into in the foreign currency. The negative movement of the company would affect the cash flows, profitability of the company (Fang, 2017). In respect of the risk of the interest rate, it affects the cash balance the amounts of the borrowings, the long term debts, the hedging activities, the return on the assets and the value of the firm. There is a reduction in the rate of the interest and also an increase in the lease rates of the gold that has an adverse impact on the price of the contract of the new gold and also on the difference that exists between the price of the gold and also in the current spot price. An effective management of the risk for all of the gold mining companies depends on the decisions and the strategies that are adopted by the company for the purposes of risk management. The techniques and the products that the gold producers could use includes the future contracts, gold loans, spot deferred contracts, forward sales of the gold, gold swaps and the put options for the purposes of hedging themselves as against the exposures (Betts, 2017). The companies could also use the derivatives for the gold price risk such as the forward contacts, spot deferred contract, put and call option and the gold lease rate swaps. The most common used forward contracts as being the hedging instruments are due to the introduction of SFAS no. 133/138. This allows the producers of the gold not to consider their sales contracts as the instruments of the derivatives as long as the same are considered to be the normal sales. The gold mining companies could also record the proceeds under the stated contract as revenue and could also be held off the financial statement unless and until they mature. Also, unless and until the date of the delivery approaches of the gold in the future. The gold mining companies also use currency forwards and currency options. Due to the fact that the gold is quoted and also traded in US dollars, the gold producers with the operations and the investment are very much large in number and in respect of the countries that are outside the US and hence, would be exposed to the risks of the foreign exchange rate. The gold mining companies also use the medium to the long term horizon interest rate swap. The risk of the interest rates are also seen as one of the most important things as the risk of the gold prices along with the currency are due to the low leverage in the industry of the gold mining. Hence, in the nutshell, the following could be used as hedging instruments: Currency forwards Currency options Forward contracts Spot deferred contract Put and call option Gold lease rate swaps Future Contacts Gold loan Gold Swaps Spot deferred contract Forward sales of gold Put options (Insurance purpose) References: apmr.management.ncku.edu.tw. (2017).Optimal Hedging Decisions for Gold Miners: How Much Future Production Should a Gold Miner Forward Sell?. [online] Available at: https://apmr.management.ncku.edu.tw/comm/upfile/File0806111163.pdf [Accessed 9 May 2017]. Open.uct.ac.za. (2011).The use of derivatives in the mining sector: a comparative analysis of companies listed in South Africa, Australia and the UK. [online] Available at: https://open.uct.ac.za/bitstream/item/10774/thesis_com_2011_greenbaum_m.pdf?sequence=1 [Accessed 9 May 2017]. pdfs.semanticscholar.org. (2017).An Empirical Study of Derivatives Usage in the Australian Gold Mining Industry.. [online] Available at: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/909c/91f51b4ecec6bde0fa3082fd0ef0fe384bea.pdf [Accessed 9 May 2017]. www.mssanz.org.au. (2017).Hedging financial stress. [online] Available at: https://www.mssanz.org.au/MODSIM01/Vol%203/Fang.pdf [Accessed 9 May 2017].